Thanks hasse!
As I found out, neither the referer nor a different header was the problem. I compared various requests with a programm named
Wireshark and the a nice little firefox extension
LiveHttpHeaders, which everybody should have installed by the way ;)
Well this whole thread is more or less nonsense because the problem is, like I said, quite far away from XHR, HTML forms or any headers.
To make it short:
On blogger.com, a securityToken looks somehow like this: 4WyU7aPsicovml2oG7gyd5KUoU=:1071549288454, I just picked it up and send it away. Unfortunately with the chars "=" and ":" in the token, the whole thing won't work because they need to be in ASCII format.